Publications & Products
The Lloyd Society Senior Fellows have made substantial contributions
to the state of knowledge concerning high-risk juvenile populations.
The following are a few of the works that reflect the scientific and
legal developments by the Senior Fellows.
Dobrin, Adam, and John Brusk.(2003).The risk of offending on homicide victimization: A public health concern. American Journal of Health Behaviors. Vol. 27(6), 603-612.
Dobrin, Adam, and Catherine A. Gallagher. (2004). Escapes from juvenile justice residential facilities: An examination of the independent and additive effects of security components. Journal for Juvenile Justice Detention Services. Volume 19, No. 1-2, 47-57.
Winland-Brown, Jill E., and Adam L. Dobrin. (2009). A comparison of physicians' and nurses' responses to selected ethical dilemmas. Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table. Spring.
Health Services in Juvenile Justice
Residential Facilities
Gallagher, Catherine A. and Adam Dobrin.(2007). Can juvenile justice detention facilities meet the call of the American Academy of Pediatrics and National Commission on Correctional Health Care? A national analysis of current practices. Pediatrics. Volume 119(4), 991-1001.
Juvenile detention centers are partially (rather than fully) meeting
some of the minimum standards. Overall, most services can be garnered
at some level; however, they tend to be provided on an ad hoc basis for
portions of the population rather than systematically for the whole.
Detention centers most likely to provide a higher tier of services tend
to be those that have longer average lengths of stay, are larger, and
government owned. There are also geographic and racial differences in
quality and scope of health services.
Douds A, Gallagher CA & Dobrin A. Gender equivalence in the provision
of health services in juvenile justice residential facilities. Corrections
Today 2006; 68(4) 51-53.
The results indicate fairly clearly that there are no patent gender
inequities in the provision of health care within JJRFs. The results
do, however, highlight that mixed-sex facilities are comparatively underserved
relative to same-sex facilities. It is highly likely, however, that this
finding is merely capturing some confounding between the type of facility,
sex composition, and health services. Specifically, because mixed-sex
facilities are more often detention centers, and because detention centers
more often have much shorter windows of opportunity for supplying health
care, it may be that it is not the mixed-sex status of the facility producing
lower service coverage but rather the fact that mixed-sex facilities
are disproportionately detention centers.
Gallagher, Catherine A., Adam Dobrin, and Anne S. Douds.( 2007). A national overview of reproductive health care services for girls in juvenile justice residential facilities. Women’s Health Issues. Vol. 17 (4) 217-226.
Most JJRFs serving girls (about 85%) report that gynecological exams
can be made available, however, not to the full population of girls.
The bulk of JJRFs able to garner this service (between 69 and 83%)
note that these exams are provided “as necessary” to some
girls, typically based on self-reports of sexually activity, suspected
pregnancy,
or by the recommendation of a health care provider. Multivariate
modeling suggests that the provision of a gynecological exam to all
girls/young
women is significantly more likely in all female, state-owned, large
population and longer stay facilities and less likely in short stay,
mixed-sex, crowded and locally and privately owned facilities.
Gallagher, Catherine A., and Adam Dobrin. (2005). The association between suicide screening practices and attempts requiring emergency care in juvenile justice facilities. The Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Volume 44(5), 485-493.
Controlling for facility characteristics, screening the entire facility
population within the first 24 hours after arrival is significantly linked
to lower odds of serious suicide attempts (odds ratio = 0.23-0.65). Facilities
screening just some of their population in a two-to-seven day window
after arrival exhibited significantly higher odds of serious suicide
attempts (odds ratio = 1.30-4.73). Conclusions: Results suggest that
facility-level risks of serious suicide attempts may be reduced by screening
every child and adolescent entering a juvenile justice facility within
the 24 hour window directly following arrival, regardless of the facility
size, and of whether the youths came directly from another facility within
the system.
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Gallagher CA, & Dobrin A. Facility-level characteristics associated
with serious suicide attempts and deaths from suicide in juvenile justice
residential facilities. Suicide Life Threat Behavior 2006; 36: 569-82
Results suggest highest risks for facilities housing larger populations
of Black young people, and for facilities locking sleeping room doors.
Lower risks are found for facilities screening all young people within
24 hours of arrival.
Gallagher CA, & Dobrin A. Deaths in juvenile justice residential
facilities. J Adolesc Health 2006; 38(6), 662-668
The risk of death for young people in juvenile justice facilities
is about eight percent higher than the death rate for the general population
aged 15-to-19 once rates are adjusted for the number of days of risk
exposure…There were important differences in the rate of specific
types of death between the populations (juvenile justice facility
and general). The death rate from accidental injury and homicide
was lower
for young people in juvenile justice facilities. Placement in a juvenile
justice facility, however, dramatically increases the risk of suicide
and deaths from illnesses and natural causes.
Gallagher, CA. The threshold effect of crowding on injuries from violence
in juvenile justice facilities. Criminal Justice and Behavior in press
This study examines the effects of the level of crowding on the odds
of interpersonal violence requiring emergency medical care in these facilities.
Controlling for facility and population characteristics, results suggest
a threshold effect such that any amount of crowding equally affects the
odds of serious violence. A finding of concern is that Black and Hispanic
adolescents are significantly more likely to be placed in crowded facilities.
Gallagher, Catherine A. and Adam Dobrin.(2007). The comparative risk of suicide in juvenile facilities and the general population: The problem of rate calculation in high turnover institutions. Criminal Justice and Behavior. Vol. 34(10) 1362-1376.
Two recent publications have reported vastly different rates of suicide
in juvenile justice residential facilities using the same data. Similarly,
divergent rates were calculated on juvenile suicides in custody using
the same data in the 1980s. Using data from the Juvenile Residential
Facility Census and the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement,
this paper demonstrates the underlying differences in the suicide rate
calculations by drawing on the historical and epidemiological literature.
It highlights the arithmetical relationships between the rates, and suggests
which methods are best depending on the purpose of the exercise.
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October 11, 2009 9:39 AM
